20YearOld Dies From 'Fried Rice Syndrome' After Eating Leftover Pasta

Understanding The Complexities Of Fried Rice Syndrome Pasta

20YearOld Dies From 'Fried Rice Syndrome' After Eating Leftover Pasta

The culinary world is full of delights, but not all that tastes good is safe. "Fried rice syndrome" is a term that has been used to describe a food safety concern primarily associated with rice dishes, but it can also extend to other starchy foods like pasta. "Fried rice syndrome pasta" refers to the potential dangers of consuming reheated pasta that has not been stored or heated properly. This syndrome is caused by the bacterium Bacillus cereus, which can lead to foodborne illnesses if ingested. While pasta is a beloved staple in many diets around the world, understanding how to handle it safely is crucial to prevent health risks.

Fried rice syndrome is often associated with leftover rice, which, when not stored or reheated properly, can harbor harmful bacteria. However, pasta, like rice, can also be a breeding ground for Bacillus cereus if left out at room temperature for too long. This bacterium thrives in starchy foods and can produce toxins that lead to symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. For those who enjoy pasta dishes, knowing how to properly store and reheat pasta is essential to avoid the unpleasant consequences of this syndrome. This article delves into the causes, prevention, and solutions associated with fried rice syndrome pasta, ensuring that your meals remain both delicious and safe.

While the term "fried rice syndrome" might sound alarming, it's important to remember that with the right knowledge and practices, the risks can be significantly minimized. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to prevent fried rice syndrome when dealing with pasta, from understanding the science behind Bacillus cereus to implementing best practices for storage and reheating. Whether you're a home cook, restaurateur, or food enthusiast, the insights shared here will empower you to enjoy your pasta dishes without fear. Let's explore the fascinating world of food safety and learn how to keep our loved ones safe and healthy.

Table of Contents

Understanding Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in soil, vegetation, and a variety of food products. It is a spore-forming bacterium, meaning it can survive in harsh environments, including high temperatures, which makes it particularly resilient. This ability to form spores allows Bacillus cereus to persist in foods that are not stored correctly, leading to potential foodborne illnesses. Bacillus cereus is known for producing two types of toxins: the emetic toxin, which causes vomiting, and the diarrheal toxin, which leads to diarrhea. The emetic toxin is heat-stable and can survive even after food is cooked, while the diarrheal toxin is heat-labile and is destroyed by proper cooking.

Understanding the conditions that favor the growth of Bacillus cereus is crucial for preventing food poisoning. This bacterium thrives in starchy foods like rice and pasta, especially when these foods are allowed to cool slowly at room temperature. When pasta is cooked and left out, the spores can germinate, multiply, and produce toxins. This is particularly problematic when pasta is not refrigerated promptly or reheated adequately. Protecting against Bacillus cereus involves understanding its lifecycle and the factors that contribute to its growth, such as temperature, moisture, and time.

To mitigate the risk of Bacillus cereus contamination in pasta, it's essential to follow best practices for food safety. This includes rapid cooling and proper storage of cooked pasta, as well as thorough reheating to ensure any potential toxins are destroyed. By understanding the characteristics of Bacillus cereus and the conditions under which it thrives, individuals can take proactive steps to protect themselves and their families from foodborne illnesses associated with fried rice syndrome pasta.

How Fried Rice Syndrome Affects Pasta

The term "fried rice syndrome" is commonly associated with rice dishes, but it is equally relevant to pasta and other starchy foods. Both rice and pasta share similar properties that make them susceptible to Bacillus cereus contamination if not handled properly. When pasta is cooked, it becomes an ideal environment for bacterial growth due to its moisture content and starch composition. If pasta is not promptly refrigerated after cooking, it can provide a fertile breeding ground for Bacillus cereus spores to germinate and proliferate.

One of the most concerning aspects of fried rice syndrome affecting pasta is the rapidity with which Bacillus cereus can reproduce at room temperature. Within a matter of hours, the bacteria can reach levels that are harmful to human health. Improper handling, such as leaving pasta on the counter for extended periods or inadequately reheating it, increases the risk of foodborne illness. The symptoms of fried rice syndrome, which include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, typically occur within a few hours after consuming contaminated food, making it essential to employ strict food safety measures.

To prevent fried rice syndrome in pasta, it's crucial to understand and adhere to safe food handling practices. This includes cooking pasta to the correct temperature, refrigerating leftovers promptly, and avoiding leaving cooked pasta out at room temperature for extended periods. Additionally, when reheating pasta, ensure it reaches a safe temperature to kill any potential bacteria. By following these guidelines, individuals can enjoy their pasta dishes without the worry of foodborne illnesses, ensuring both safety and satisfaction in their culinary experiences.

Symptoms of Food Poisoning from Bacillus cereus

Food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus can manifest in two distinct forms, each associated with different symptoms. These forms are the emetic type and the diarrheal type, both of which can occur when consuming improperly handled pasta or other starchy foods contaminated with this bacterium. Understanding these symptoms is vital for recognizing and addressing potential cases of foodborne illness promptly.

The emetic type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning is characterized by nausea and vomiting, typically occurring within 1 to 6 hours after consumption of the contaminated food. This form is commonly associated with starchy foods like pasta and rice that have been left unrefrigerated for extended periods. The emetic toxin produced by the bacteria is highly heat-stable, meaning it can survive cooking and reheating, leading to the quick onset of symptoms.

On the other hand, the diarrheal type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning presents with symptoms such as abdominal cramps and diarrhea, usually occurring 6 to 15 hours after ingestion of the contaminated food. This form is less common with pasta but can still occur if the food is improperly stored or reheated. The diarrheal toxin is heat-labile, which means it can be destroyed by proper cooking, but inadequate reheating can allow the bacteria to thrive and produce toxins.

Recognizing the symptoms of Bacillus cereus food poisoning is essential for seeking timely medical attention. While most cases resolve on their own within 24 hours, severe cases may require medical intervention, especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems. By being aware of these symptoms and understanding the importance of proper food handling, individuals can reduce the risk of fried rice syndrome pasta and ensure food safety in their homes and communities.

Prevention Tips for Cooking and Storing Pasta

Preventing fried rice syndrome in pasta begins with understanding and implementing safe cooking and storage practices. Proper handling of pasta can significantly reduce the risk of Bacillus cereus contamination and ensure that meals remain both delicious and safe to consume. Here are some essential tips for preventing foodborne illness associated with pasta:

1. **Cook Pasta Thoroughly:** Ensure that pasta is cooked to the appropriate temperature to kill any potential bacteria present. Follow cooking instructions carefully and use a food thermometer to verify that the pasta reaches a safe internal temperature.

2. **Cool Pasta Quickly:** After cooking, cool pasta rapidly to prevent the growth of Bacillus cereus. Spread the pasta in a thin layer on a baking sheet or use an ice bath to speed up the cooling process. Avoid leaving pasta at room temperature for more than two hours.

3. **Store Pasta Properly:** Once cooled, store pasta in airtight containers in the refrigerator. Keep the refrigerator temperature at or below 40°F (4°C) to inhibit bacterial growth. Label containers with the date to keep track of how long the pasta has been stored.

4. **Reheat Pasta Safely:** When reheating pasta, ensure it reaches a temperature of at least 165°F (74°C) to destroy any potential toxins. Stir the pasta during reheating to ensure even heat distribution. Avoid using reheating methods that do not achieve the proper temperature, such as microwaving on low power settings.

5. **Avoid Cross-Contamination:** Use clean utensils and surfaces when handling cooked pasta to prevent cross-contamination with raw foods or other potential sources of bacteria. Wash hands thoroughly before and after handling food.

By following these prevention tips, individuals can enjoy their pasta dishes without the worry of foodborne illnesses. Implementing these practices not only enhances food safety but also contributes to a healthier and more enjoyable culinary experience for everyone involved.

Proper Reheating Techniques

Reheating pasta correctly is crucial to preventing fried rice syndrome and ensuring that meals are safe to consume. Improper reheating can allow Bacillus cereus to survive and produce toxins, leading to foodborne illness. Here are some effective reheating techniques to ensure pasta is safe to eat:

1. **Stovetop Reheating:** One of the most reliable methods for reheating pasta is on the stovetop. Place the pasta in a saucepan with a small amount of water, broth, or sauce to prevent it from drying out. Heat the pasta over medium heat, stirring frequently, until it reaches an internal temperature of at least 165°F (74°C).

2. **Microwave Reheating:** When using a microwave, cover the pasta with a microwave-safe lid or plastic wrap to retain moisture. Heat the pasta on high power in short intervals, stirring in between to ensure even heating. Check the temperature with a food thermometer to confirm it has reached 165°F (74°C).

3. **Oven Reheating:** For larger portions or baked pasta dishes, reheating in the oven can be effective. Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and place the pasta in an oven-safe dish. Cover with foil to prevent drying, and bake until the pasta is heated through and reaches the desired temperature.

4. **Avoiding Unsafe Methods:** Refrain from using reheating methods that do not achieve the necessary temperature, such as using a low-power microwave setting or reheating for a short duration. These methods may not effectively eliminate bacteria or toxins.

By utilizing these proper reheating techniques, individuals can ensure that their pasta dishes are not only flavorful but also safe to consume. Consistent use of these methods contributes to reducing the risk of fried rice syndrome and promotes a healthy dining experience.

Role of Temperature in Food Safety

Temperature plays a critical role in ensuring food safety and preventing foodborne illnesses like fried rice syndrome. Understanding the importance of temperature control throughout the cooking, storing, and reheating process is essential for maintaining the safety of pasta and other starchy foods.

1. **Cooking Temperature:** Cooking pasta to the appropriate temperature is the first line of defense against Bacillus cereus and other harmful bacteria. Ensuring that food reaches a safe internal temperature during cooking helps to kill any existing bacteria and reduce the risk of contamination.

2. **Cooling Temperature:** Rapid cooling of cooked pasta is crucial to prevent bacterial growth. Bacillus cereus thrives in warm environments, so cooling pasta quickly to below 40°F (4°C) inhibits bacterial proliferation. Spread pasta in a thin layer or use an ice bath to accelerate the cooling process.

3. **Storing Temperature:** Proper refrigeration of pasta is essential to prevent bacteria from multiplying. Keep the refrigerator temperature at or below 40°F (4°C) and store pasta in airtight containers to maintain freshness and safety. Regularly check refrigerator settings to ensure temperature accuracy.

4. **Reheating Temperature:** Reheating pasta to at least 165°F (74°C) is necessary to destroy any potential toxins produced by Bacillus cereus. Use a food thermometer to verify that the pasta has reached the safe temperature, and stir frequently to ensure even heating.

By understanding and controlling temperature throughout the food preparation and storage process, individuals can effectively reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses and ensure that their pasta dishes are both safe and enjoyable to consume. Consistent temperature management is a key component of food safety and an essential practice for all home cooks and food establishments.

Importance of Hygiene in Kitchens

Maintaining a high level of hygiene in kitchens is a fundamental aspect of preventing foodborne illnesses, including those associated with fried rice syndrome pasta. Proper hygiene practices help to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that food remains safe to consume. Here are key hygiene practices to follow in the kitchen:

1. **Handwashing:** Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after handling food is essential to prevent the transfer of bacteria. Pay special attention to handwashing after handling raw foods, using the restroom, or touching surfaces.

2. **Cleaning and Sanitizing Surfaces:** Regularly clean and sanitize kitchen countertops, cutting boards, and utensils to prevent cross-contamination. Use separate cutting boards for raw and cooked foods, and wash them with hot, soapy water after each use.

3. **Proper Food Storage:** Store ingredients and leftovers in clean, airtight containers to prevent contamination and spoilage. Keep raw and cooked foods separate to avoid cross-contamination and ensure that the refrigerator is regularly cleaned and organized.

4. **Pest Control:** Implement measures to prevent pests, such as insects and rodents, from accessing food and kitchen areas. Store food in pest-proof containers, keep kitchen areas clean and free of crumbs, and seal any entry points.

5. **Personal Hygiene:** Encourage kitchen staff or family members involved in food preparation to maintain personal hygiene, including wearing clean clothing and using hairnets or hats to prevent hair from falling into food.

By adhering to these hygiene practices, individuals can reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses and promote a safe cooking environment. Consistent attention to hygiene in the kitchen is vital for ensuring that meals are both healthy and enjoyable for everyone involved.

Cultural Practices and Risks

Cultural practices surrounding food preparation and consumption can influence the risk of foodborne illnesses like fried rice syndrome pasta. Understanding these practices and identifying potential risks can help individuals make informed decisions to enhance food safety while preserving cultural traditions. Here are some cultural practices that may impact food safety:

1. **Traditional Cooking Methods:** Some cultures use traditional cooking methods that may not achieve the necessary temperature to kill bacteria. It's important to adapt these methods to modern food safety standards while respecting cultural practices.

2. **Family Meal Sharing:** In many cultures, sharing meals is a cherished tradition. However, sharing food directly from communal dishes can increase the risk of cross-contamination. Encourage the use of serving utensils to reduce this risk.

3. **Leftover Consumption:** Leftovers are common in many cultures, but improper storage and reheating can lead to foodborne illnesses. Educate family members on safe storage and reheating practices to prevent contamination.

4. **Street Food and Festivals:** Street food and cultural festivals often feature traditional dishes that may not be prepared with modern food safety practices. Be cautious when consuming street food and choose vendors that prioritize hygiene and safety.

5. **Preservation Techniques:** Some cultural preservation techniques, such as fermentation or drying, may carry specific food safety risks. Ensure these methods are conducted safely and according to modern guidelines.

By recognizing and addressing the potential risks associated with cultural practices, individuals can enjoy traditional foods while maintaining food safety. Balancing cultural heritage with modern food safety practices ensures that culinary traditions can be enjoyed safely and passed down to future generations.

Case Studies and Real-Life Examples

Examining case studies and real-life examples of fried rice syndrome pasta provides valuable insights into the causes and prevention of foodborne illnesses. These examples highlight the importance of proper food handling and offer lessons that can be applied to improve food safety practices. Here are some notable case studies:

1. **Restaurant Outbreaks:** Several restaurant outbreaks have been linked to Bacillus cereus contamination in pasta dishes. In one case, a restaurant failed to refrigerate leftover pasta promptly, leading to a significant outbreak of foodborne illness among patrons. This case underscores the importance of prompt refrigeration and proper reheating in commercial kitchens.

2. **Home Cook Incidents:** Home cooks have also experienced foodborne illness from fried rice syndrome pasta. In one instance, a family left cooked pasta on the counter overnight and consumed it the next day without adequate reheating, resulting in symptoms of nausea and vomiting. This example highlights the need for awareness and education on safe food handling practices at home.

3. **School Cafeteria Cases:** School cafeterias have reported cases of foodborne illness after serving reheated pasta dishes. Inadequate reheating and improper storage contributed to these incidents, emphasizing the necessity of food safety training for cafeteria staff and adherence to guidelines for serving large groups.

4. **Cultural Festival Events:** Cultural festivals featuring traditional pasta dishes have occasionally faced food safety challenges. In one festival, large quantities of pasta were prepared in advance and left unrefrigerated until serving, leading to several cases of foodborne illness. This case illustrates the importance of food safety planning for large events.

By learning from these case studies, individuals and organizations can take proactive measures to prevent similar incidents and enhance food safety practices. Applying the lessons from real-life examples helps to build a safer culinary environment for everyone.

Myths and Misconceptions

Myths and misconceptions about fried rice syndrome pasta and food safety can lead to misunderstandings and potentially unsafe practices. Debunking these myths is essential for promoting accurate information and ensuring that individuals make informed decisions about food handling. Here are some common myths and the truths behind them:

1. **Myth: Pasta is safe to eat if it's been left out overnight.**

Truth: Leaving pasta out at room temperature for extended periods allows bacteria like Bacillus cereus to multiply, increasing the risk of foodborne illness. It's essential to refrigerate cooked pasta promptly to prevent contamination.

2. **Myth: Reheating pasta in the microwave kills all bacteria.**

Truth: While microwaving can kill some bacteria, it may not evenly heat the pasta to a safe temperature. Stirring the pasta and using a food thermometer to check the temperature ensures thorough reheating.

3. **Myth: Adding sauce to pasta makes it safe to leave out.**

Truth: Adding sauce does not prevent bacterial growth. Both pasta and sauce should be stored properly to minimize the risk of foodborne illness.

4. **Myth: Homemade pasta is less likely to cause food poisoning.**

Truth: Homemade pasta can still harbor bacteria if not handled correctly. Proper cooking, storage, and reheating practices apply to both homemade and store-bought pasta.

5. **Myth: Symptoms of food poisoning always occur immediately.**

Truth: Symptoms of Bacillus cereus food poisoning can take several hours to manifest. It's important to remain vigilant about food safety practices to prevent illness.

By addressing these myths and misconceptions, individuals can gain a better understanding of food safety and take appropriate measures to protect themselves and their families. Dispelling misinformation is a key step in promoting a culture of food safety and preventing foodborne illnesses.

Impact of Fried Rice Syndrome on the Food Industry

The occurrence of fried rice syndrome in pasta and other starchy foods has significant implications for the food industry. Understanding these impacts can help food businesses adopt better practices and enhance consumer confidence in their products. Here are some key areas where fried rice syndrome affects the food industry:

1. **Public Health Concerns:** Outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to Bacillus cereus can lead to public health concerns and increased scrutiny of food safety practices. The food industry must prioritize food safety to protect public health and prevent outbreaks.

2. **Reputation and Brand Image:** Foodborne illness outbreaks can damage a brand's reputation and lead to a loss of consumer trust. The food industry must maintain high standards of food safety to protect their reputation and retain customer loyalty.

3. **Regulatory Compliance:** The food industry is subject to strict regulations regarding food safety. Compliance with these regulations is essential to prevent penalties and ensure that products meet safety standards.

4. **Operational Costs:** Implementing food safety measures may incur additional costs for the food industry, including training, equipment, and monitoring systems. However, these investments are necessary to prevent costly outbreaks and protect public health.

5. **Consumer Education:** The food industry plays a role in educating consumers about food safety practices. Providing information on proper storage, reheating, and handling of food products helps to reduce the risk of foodborne illness.

By recognizing the impact of fried rice syndrome on the food industry, businesses can take proactive steps to improve food safety practices and enhance consumer confidence. Ensuring that food products are safe and of high quality is essential for the industry's success and sustainability.

Food safety is governed by a range of legal aspects and regulations designed to protect public health and prevent foodborne illnesses like fried rice syndrome. Understanding these regulations is essential for individuals and businesses involved in food preparation and handling. Here are some key legal aspects and regulations related to food safety:

1. **Food Safety Standards:** Government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), establish food safety standards and guidelines that must be followed by food businesses. These standards cover areas such as food handling, storage, and preparation.

2. **Inspection and Enforcement:** Regulatory agencies conduct inspections of food establishments to ensure compliance with food safety standards. Non-compliance can result in penalties, fines, or closure of the establishment.

3. **Labeling Requirements:** Food products must be accurately labeled with information such as ingredients, allergens, and storage instructions. Proper labeling helps consumers make informed decisions and reduces the risk of foodborne illness.

4. **Food Recall Procedures:** In the event of a foodborne illness outbreak, regulatory agencies may issue food recalls to remove contaminated products from the market. Food businesses must have procedures in place to respond to recalls promptly and effectively.

5. **Training and Certification:** Food handlers and staff in food establishments are often required to undergo food safety training and obtain certification. This training ensures that employees are knowledgeable about safe food handling practices and regulatory requirements.

By adhering to legal aspects and regulations related to food safety, individuals and businesses can contribute to a safer food supply and reduce the risk of fried rice syndrome and other foodborne illnesses. Compliance with these regulations is essential for protecting public health and maintaining consumer confidence in the food industry.

Innovations in Food Safety

Innovations in food safety have the potential to revolutionize the way we handle and prepare food, reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses like fried rice syndrome pasta. These innovations leverage technology and scientific advancements to enhance food safety practices and protect public health. Here are some notable innovations in food safety:

1. **Food Safety Sensors:** Advances in sensor technology have led to the development of food safety sensors that can detect contaminants and pathogens in real-time. These sensors can be used in food production and storage to monitor safety and quality.

2. **Blockchain Technology:** Blockchain technology is being used to improve traceability and transparency in the food supply chain. By providing a secure and tamper-proof record of food production and distribution, blockchain can help identify and address food safety issues more quickly.

3. **Smart Packaging:** Smart packaging solutions incorporate technology to monitor and communicate the condition of food products. These packages can provide real-time information on temperature, freshness, and potential contamination.

4. **Predictive Analytics:** Predictive analytics uses data and algorithms to anticipate potential food safety risks. By analyzing patterns and trends, predictive analytics can help identify areas of concern and enable proactive measures to prevent foodborne illnesses.

5. **Food Safety Audits:** Innovations in auditing technology, such as remote audits and virtual inspections, enable more efficient and comprehensive assessments of food safety practices in food establishments. These audits help ensure compliance with regulations and identify areas for improvement.

By embracing these innovations, the food industry can enhance food safety practices and reduce the risk of fried rice syndrome and other foodborne illnesses. Continued investment in research and development is essential for advancing food safety and protecting public health in an ever-evolving food landscape.

Tips for Consumers

Consumers play a crucial role in ensuring food safety and preventing foodborne illnesses like fried rice syndrome pasta. By following practical tips and guidelines, individuals can protect themselves and their families from potential health risks. Here are some valuable tips for consumers:

1. **Practice Safe Food Handling:** Wash hands thoroughly before and after handling food, and use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw and cooked foods to prevent cross-contamination.

2. **Store Food Properly:** Refrigerate leftovers promptly and store them in airtight containers. Ensure the refrigerator is set to a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below to prevent bacterial growth.

3. **Cook and Reheat Food Safely:** Use a food thermometer to ensure that food reaches a safe internal temperature during cooking and reheating. Follow recommended guidelines for cooking and reheating times.

4. **Be Informed About Recalls:** Stay informed about food recalls and safety alerts by subscribing to notifications from regulatory agencies. Avoid consuming recalled products and follow instructions for safe disposal.

5. **Educate Family Members:** Share food safety knowledge with family members, especially children, to promote safe food handling practices at home. Encourage them to participate in food preparation and understand the importance of food safety.

By following these tips, consumers can take proactive steps to ensure food safety and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses. Empowering individuals with knowledge and practical tools is key to creating a safer and healthier food environment for everyone.

FAQs

1. **What is fried rice syndrome pasta?**
Fried rice syndrome pasta refers to foodborne illnesses caused by Bacillus cereus contamination in pasta dishes. It occurs when pasta is improperly stored or reheated, allowing the bacteria to thrive and produce toxins.

2. **How can I prevent fried rice syndrome when cooking pasta?**
To prevent fried rice syndrome, cook pasta to the appropriate temperature, refrigerate leftovers promptly, and reheat pasta to at least 165°F (74°C) to destroy any potential toxins.

3. **What are the symptoms of food poisoning from Bacillus cereus?**
Symptoms of food poisoning from Bacillus cereus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms can occur within a few hours after consuming contaminated food.

4. **Is it safe to eat pasta that has been left out overnight?**
No, it is not safe to eat pasta that has been left out at room temperature overnight. Bacteria can multiply rapidly in warm environments, increasing the risk of foodborne illness.

5. **Can reheating pasta in the microwave eliminate bacteria?**
Reheating pasta in the microwave can be effective if it reaches a safe temperature of at least 165°F (74°C). Stir the pasta and use a food thermometer to ensure even heating.

6. **What should I do if I suspect food poisoning from pasta?**
If you suspect food poisoning, seek medical attention if symptoms are severe or persist. Report the incident to local health authorities to help identify potential outbreaks.

Conclusion

Fried rice syndrome pasta highlights the importance of proper food handling, storage, and reheating practices to prevent foodborne illnesses caused by Bacillus cereus. By understanding the risks and implementing safe food practices, individuals can enjoy their pasta dishes without the worry of contamination. The insights provided in this article serve as a comprehensive guide for ensuring food safety in both home and commercial kitchens. By promoting awareness and education, we can create a safer culinary environment and protect the health and well-being of ourselves and our communities. Remember, safe food handling is not just a practice; it's a responsibility we all share.

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